冠状病毒是一群具有套膜的RNA病毒,在电子显微镜下呈皇冠状,其正性单股RNA约由27000~30000多个碱基组成,为已知最大的RNA病毒,可感染人、鸡、猪、牛、鼠、猫等动物,会引发呼吸道与肠道的疾病,并引起人类轻微感冒。冠状病毒分为三大类,其中两类感染哺乳动物,另一类只感染鸟类,基本上这类病毒的宿主相当专一,主要引发呼吸道与肠道感染。2003年新发现的一种冠状病毒,为引起人类严重急性呼吸道症候群(SARS)。
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus:SARS CoV,SCoV SARS冠状病毒)属与环状病毒(torovirus)属同为动脉炎病毒科(arteriviridae),划作套病毒(nidovims)目。冠状病毒依其抗原性差异分为3群。SARSCoV与任何一群的同源性均显不高,有的研究者将其归属于2群。Ksiazek示它可能为两群的重组病毒。2005年6月Colorado会议提议将SCoV分类为2群。
SARS冠状病毒在种属分类上属于“ssRNA positive-strand viruses”家系的“Nidovirales”族中的“Coronaviridae”系(见Taxonomy)。它是冠状病毒家族中新出现的一个子类。全长29,736bp,已知有11个编码序列(cds),而其中的一个cds(putative orf1ab polyprotein)与鼠类的肝炎病毒(murine hepatitis virus)结构类似,依据鼠类的肝炎病毒的结构模式,推断出该段cds应该编码了14个蛋白质。
A new member of Coronavirus family |
“非典型肺炎”元凶冠状病毒图 |
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